(1) In terms of powder preparation, the most striking thing at present is ultra-high temperature technology. The use of ultra-high temperature technology can not only develop special ceramics at low cost, but also cheaply develop new types of glass, such as optical fiber, magnetic glass, hybrid integrated circuit board, zero-expansion crystallized glass, high-strength glass, artificial bones and tooth sticks. In addition, ultra-high temperature technology can also be used to develop materials such as tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium-iron alloy and titanium that can be applied to cutting-edge fields such as space flight, ocean and nuclear fusion. For example, in Japan, diamonds are produced at 4000-15000 ° C and below one atmosphere, which is 120 times more efficient than the low temperature and low pressure plasma technology currently in common use.
Ultra-high temperature technology has the following advantages: it can produce substances that cannot be produced by conventional methods; it can obtain substances with extremely high purity: productivity can be greatly improved; and the operation procedure can be simplified and easy. At present, Japan is leading the way in ultra-high temperature technology. According to statistics, the market for special ceramics for ultra-high temperature technology in Japan in 2000 will exceed 20 trillion yen. In addition, the preparation of powder by dissolution method, the preparation of ceramic powder by chemical vapor deposition, the production of mullite ultrafine powder by sol K gel method, and plasma gas phase reaction method have also attracted people's attention. Most of these methods have been developed in recent years or have been improved in the near future.
(2) Forming aspect: The special ceramic forming method is roughly divided into two types: dry forming and wet forming. Dry forming includes steel die pressing, isostatic pressing, ultrahigh pressure forming, powder electromagnetic forming, etc.; Molding can be roughly divided into two categories: plastic forming and colloidal casting. In recent years, colloidal molding and solid moldless molding technology have also achieved rapid development in the molding research of special ceramics.
Ceramic colloidal forming is a wet forming of a highly dispersed ceramic slurry, which can effectively control agglomeration and reduce defects as compared with dry forming. Moldless forming is actually the application of Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing Technology (RP & M) in the preparation of ceramic materials. The colloidal molding process of special ceramic materials is a process of directly producing a ceramic green body layer by layer according to the principle of RP & M by changing the ceramic slurry with or without binder under a certain condition from a liquid state to a solid state. . The formed green body generally has good rheological properties and can ensure no deformation during the post-treatment.
The future development of special ceramic molding technology will focus on the following aspects:
a. Further develop the application of various moldless forming techniques that have been proposed in the preparation of different ceramic materials;
b. Structural layers with more complex performance and design of interspersed, interwoven, connected structures and three-dimensional changes in the layers;
c. Structural design and manufacture of large-sized shaped parts;
d, the manufacture and practical application of ceramic microstructures;
e. Further develop new technologies that are free from pollution and environmental coordination.
(3) Sintering: Due to its special performance requirements, special ceramic products require different firing processes and sintering techniques than traditional ceramic products. With the development of the special ceramic industry, breakthroughs have been made in the research of firing mechanism, sintering technology and special furnace facilities. At present, the main sintering methods of special ceramics are: atmospheric pressure sintering, hot pressing sintering/hot isostatic pressing, reaction sintering, liquid phase sintering, microwave sintering, arc plasma sintering, self-propagating sintering, vapor deposition. Law and so on.
(4) In the precision processing of special ceramics: special ceramics are brittle materials with high hardness and brittleness. Their physical and mechanical properties (especially toughness and strength) are quite different from those of metal materials, and the processing performance is poor and the processing is difficult. Therefore, researching the grinding mechanism of special ceramic materials and selecting the best grinding method are the main problems to be solved.
The grinding methods that have emerged in recent years mainly include:
a, ultrasonic vibration grinding processing method;
b. Online electrolytic dressing grinding wheel grinding method;
c. Electrolysis and electric spark composite grinding processing technology;
d. Electrochemical online control processing method.
The use of tools to process ceramics has also attracted great interest. At present, the work in this area is only in the research and experimental stage. Due to the processing with ultra-high-precision lathe and diamond single-crystal turning tool, the micro-snake knife depth and the micro-traveling amount of micron order can obtain about 0.1 micron processing. Accuracy, so many countries have developed this processing technology as an aspect of ultra-precision machining. In China, Tsinghua University's State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processes has made the world's leading research results.
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