Kidney beans are mainly grown in areas such as Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, which are cold, cool, and frost-free. In order to give full play to the advantages of cowpea in crop rotation adjustment, soil fertility, farmers' income increase, etc., to promote stable grain increase, quality improvement and sustainable development, according to natural ecological conditions and cowpea production characteristics, special 2016 Technical guidance for the production of cowpea in the year.
I. Northeastern Kidney Bean Production Area
The area includes Inner Mongolia Hulunbeier, Wulanchabu, Heilongjiang Heihe, Qiqihar and other areas. It is mainly composed of mechanized ridge cultivation and is the main production area and main export base of China's cowpea.
(1) Rotation of the
In recent years, the continuous cropping phenomenon in the cowpea production area has been severe, leading to an increase in diseases such as root rot. It is necessary to strengthen the rotation of the crops, and implement crop rotations such as cowpeas and hazelnuts, millet, buckwheat, corn, potatoes, and oilseeds, and at the same time adopt seed coating and other measures to prevent and control the disease of cowpea.
(2) Preferred Seeds
According to the export requirements, according to the local production conditions and product sales market, select new varieties of cowpea with moderate growth period and strong disease resistance. The white kidney bean type is mainly white kidney bean, white kidney bean, small white kidney bean; black kidney bean type is small black kidney bean; red kidney bean type is dark red kidney bean (British red), small red kidney bean, red kidney bean; milk cowpea type is long milk Flower kidney beans, round milk cowpeas.
(3) Land preparation ridge
Choose land with flat terrain or diffuse slope and good drainage, soil pH 6.5-7.0, especially black loam, black soil, sandy loam. In the autumn, the whole land should be flat, fine and broken. There is no large clods after ridges; the small ridge is 65-70 cm, and the ridge of the high platform is 105-110 cm wide and 20-25 cm high.
(4) Formulation Fertilization
According to the soil fertility, soil fertilization is carried out; in general fertile fields, 1.5 kg of pure nitrogen, 2.5 kg of P2O5 and 1 kg of K2O are applied per mu; except for the seed fertilizer, the other layers are applied deep, and the first layer is applied to the seed 3 5 cm, the second layer is applied 5-8 cm under the seed.
(5) Timely sowing
Generally, the temperature of the 10 cm soil plough layer is stable when it starts to be planted at 12 ° C. Most of the early maturing varieties can be postponed until about June 10 in the middle and late May. More mechanical on-demand on-demand, three-ridge cultivation on the ridge on the double-row childbirth seedlings, high-rise large ridges on the four rows of seedlings, uniform soil, after planting, the soil moisture in time to suppress, after suppression, the depth of 3-4 cm.
(6) Reasonable close planting
The planting density varies from species to species. Dark red kidney beans (British red) are planted with 8000-10000 plants, Japanese white 10000-12000 plants, black kidney beans 12000-15000 plants, and milk cowpeas 12000-13000 plants.
(7) Prevention and treatment of diseases
Common diseases of cowpea include root rot, anthracnose, angular spot, round rot, sclerotinia, and gray mold. For root rot, seed dressing with 35% kefu 1000-1200 ml seed coating per 100 kg seed, or seed dressing with 2.5% Shile 150 ml seed coating, or use 35% keke seed coating agent Coating. For bacterial diseases, seed dressing with 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc with a seed weight of 0.3%; or 50% dixon seed dressing with a seed weight of 0.3%. In the early stage of drug control, 75% chlorothalonil 400 times solution can be used, and spray streptomycin sulfate 4000 times solution or neomycin oxytetracycline 4000 times solution. In the early stage of the disease, copper spray preparation (86.2% copper master WP80 g/mu), spray once every 7-10 days, 72% ke WP100 g / mu, 64% antivirus 矾 WP100 g / mu, the drug is used alternately. For anthracnose, 25% prochloraz (100 grams) emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times solution, 80% anthrax defame WP 800 times solution, 75% chlorothalonil WP 600 times solution, or 50% methyl group Tobuzun WP 800 times liquid is separated by 7-10 days, and continuous control is 2-3 times.
(8) Timely Harvest
Cowpea harvest is divided into two stages. The first stage is the cutting of cowpea (mechanical cutting) and the second stage is threshing. Machine cutting can not be too late, too late will lead to increased frying pods, increasing the field loss rate. Machine cutting chooses early morning pods to work in a damp and toughness, avoiding the hot midday to reduce the rate of fried pods. After the beans are harvested, they need to be air-dried for a week or so until the pods are dried before degranulation. Otherwise, the grains may be damaged and the value of the products may be reduced.
Second, Yunnan Dabai Bean Production Area
This area includes the cool mountainous areas such as Lijiang, Dali and Shangri-La in Yunnan. It is the main production base and export base of China's large white kidney beans and large purple kidney beans.
(1) Rotation of the
Refer to the northeast cowpea production area.
(II) Variety Selection
Large white kidney beans are multi-flowered beans, which are planted in mountainous areas at an altitude of 2300-2700 meters. Currently, the cultivated varieties mainly include large white kidney beans and large purple kidney beans. According to local production conditions and sales market, cowpea planting varieties should be selected from new varieties with moderate growth period and strong disease resistance. At the same time, they must insist on sales by fixed production. Large-scale planting of new varieties must be carried out under the conditions of cooperation with export enterprises.
(3) Suitable for planting
In the Yunguichuan Plateau, it is planted in the late April to early May, with a seeding depth of 10-15 cm and a cover soil of about 6 cm.
(4) Reasonable close planting
Kidney beans are wet and afraid of cockroaches. Ridge cultivation can increase the ground temperature, which is good for drainage and drainage, and maintains soil permeability. Following the principle of thinning and thin planting of fertilizer land, the use of soil fertility will fully utilize the advantages of single plant to achieve high yield, and the advantage of lean use will increase the yield. Single row ridge planting, row spacing 100 cm, pond distance 60 cm, 1000 ponds per mu, 3 plants per pond, to ensure that the number of effective plants per acre is 2400-2600. Double-row ridge planting, large ridge row distance 100 cm, small ridge row distance 60 cm, each bamboo raft is 30 cm apart, plant two plants, the average plant spacing is 15 cm; planting, row spacing 65-75 cm, plant spacing 15 cm.
(5) Field Management
One is to set up in time. When the main stem appears 5-6 leaves, the scaffold is started.
The second is to timely top. Most of the pods that are formed after August are not mature. At this time, the tops of the main vines of the plants should be removed, so that the plants form short shrubs, reduce the height, increase the number of flowering pods, and concentrate the nutrients on the pods and mature early. By constantly removing the new branches, keep them short or shrubby.
The third is to pay attention to water control. In order to prevent large rainfall in summer, it is necessary to appropriately deepen the depth of ridge ditch, keep the ditch deeper than 25 cm, or increase the height of the ridge to facilitate water drainage.
The fourth is the top dressing. Into the flowering period, the root dressing (potassium dihydrogen phosphate + chitin, sprayed at the highest dose of the purchased drug, sprayed once every 10 days, continuous spraying 3 times), extend the functional period of the leaf to increase the pod rate.
(6) Prevention and treatment of diseases
In the flowering period, pay close attention to the occurrence of pests and diseases, and achieve initial prevention and control. The specific method refers to the northeast cowpea production area.
(7) Harvest by stages.
A batch of mature picks will ensure a increase in production and income.
Third, other cowpea production areas
The area includes Shanxi Yinzhou, Zhangzhou, Datong, Hebei, Central Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang and Xinjiang bean production areas, and the production conditions are relatively poor, generally flat.
(1) Site Preparation Fertilizer
The soil fertility is better, the dry sloping land with deep soil layer and the Sichuan-Taiwan land are suitable, and the ground is turned deep in the autumn, and the ground is flat. In the spring, combined with sowing, the organic fertilizer and the seed fertilizer are applied at one time. On the basis of the application of organic fertilizer, 1.5 kg of pure nitrogen, 5 kg of P2O5 and 1 kg of K2O are generally applied per mu, and the place with irrigation conditions is suitable for topdressing.
(2) Timely sowing
Generally, the temperature of the 5 cm soil plough layer is stable when 10 °C is started, Xinjiang is planted in early May, and Shanxi and Inner Mongolia are planted in mid-May. Early maturing varieties can be postponed until early June; the planting depth is 5-7 cm, and the seeding is timely suppressed. After the suppression, the depth is 4-5 cm, pay attention to the uniform soil.
(3) Planting Density
Planting density varies by species, and the amount and density are adjusted according to local precipitation, soil fertility, and irrigation conditions. For the fields with irrigation conditions, Chonghong Kidney Bean (British Red) planted 7000-9000 plants, Japan White 8000-11000, Black Kidney Bean 11000-14000, and Milk Cowpea 12000-14000. For dry land and fields with less precipitation, Chonghong Kidney Bean (British Red) is planted with 5000-6000 plants, Japanese white, black kidney beans and milk cowpea 6000-7000 plants; line spacing 40 cm, hole planting distance 16-25 cm, each The cave has two strains.
(4) Timely Harvest
Cowpea harvest can not be too late, otherwise it will lead to fried pods and increase the loss rate in the field; choose early morning harvest, avoid the noon high temperature period to reduce the fried pods; gather the plants after harvesting, and then thresh them after a week of ripening . Cowpea is threshed directly in the field with a thresher, which easily causes a large number of kernels to break, increases imperfect kernels, and reduces the value of the commodity. Some cowpea varieties can not be exposed after threshing, otherwise they will lose the inherent color of cowpea or produce hollow kernels, which will reduce the quality of the products.
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